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A COK Report:
Animal Suffering in the Turkey Industry

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Citations

  1. American Meat Institute, "Fact Sheet: Overview of U.S. Meat and Poultry Production and Consumption," August 2004, http://www.meatami.com/content/presscenter/factsheets_Infokits/
    FactSheetMeatProductionandConsumption.pdf
    .
  2. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, "Poultry Slaughter: 2004 Annual Summary," February 2005, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/poultry/ppy-bban/pslaan05.txt.
  3. National Turkey Federation, "Turkey Facts and Trivia," 2004, http://www.eatturkey.com/consumer/history/history.html.
  4. Thornton G, O’Keefe T, "Breeding Counts," WATT PoultryUSA, October 2003, 28-31.
  5. Ferket PS, "Tom Weights Up Seven Percent," WATT PoultryUSA, July 2004, 32-42.
  6. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Poultry," in Benson JB, Rollin BE (eds.) The Well-Being of Farm Animals (Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 307-324.
  7. Martrenchar A, Huonnic D, Cotte JP, Boilletot E, Morisse JP, "Influence of stocking density on behavioural, health and productivity traits of turkeys in large flocks," British Poultry Science 1999;40(3):323-31.
  8. Wyers M, Cherel Y, Plassiart G, "Late clinical expression of lameness related to associated osteomyelitis and tibial dyschondroplasia in male breeding turkeys," Avian Diseases 1991; 35(2): 408-414.
  9. Martrenchar A, "Animal welfare and intensive production of turkey broilers," World's Poultry Science Journal 1999; 55(2): 143-152.
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  11. Whitehead CC, Fleming RH, Julian RJ, Sorenson P, "Skeletal Problems Associated with Selection for Increased Production," in Muir WM and Aggrey SE, Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 2003), pp. 29-52.
  12. Webster AJF, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995), p. 156.
  13. Li Z, Nestor KE, Saif YM, "Summary of the effect of selection for increased body weight in turkeys on the immune system," in Eastridge ML (ed.) Research and Reviews: Poultry 2001 (Wooster, OH: Ohio State University, 2001), pp. 21-28; Rauw WM, Kanis E, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, and Grommers FJ, "Undesirable Side Effects of Selection for High Production Efficiency in Farm Animals: A Review," Livestock Production Science 1998; 56:15-33; Wilson BW, Nieberg PS, and Buhr RJ, "Turkey muscle growth and focal myopathy," Poultry Science 1990; 59:1553-1562; Leeson S, Diaz G, Summers JD, Poultry Metabolic Diseases and Mycotoxins (Guelph, Canada: University Books, 1995); Frank RK, Newman JA, Noll SL, Ruth GR, "The incidence of perirenal hemorrhage syndrome in six flocks of market turkey toms," Avian Diseases 1990; 34:824-832.
  14. Suttie DF, A Dictionary of Poultry (Glasgow: Blackie and Son Limited, 1931). p. 260.
  15. Austic RE, Nesheim MC, Poultry Production (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1990), pp. 136-138.
  16. Voris JC, "California Turkey Production," Poultry Fact Sheet No. 16c, University of California-Davis, Septermber 1997, http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/pfs16C.htm
  17. Ensminger ME, Poultry Science (Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers, Inc., 1992), p. 338.
  18. Sherwin CM, Lewis PD, Perry GC, "The effects of environmental enrichment and intermittent lighting on the behaviour and welfare of male domestic turkeys," Applied-Animal-Behaviour Science 1999; 62(4):319-333.
  19. Sherwin CM, "Light intensity preferences of domestic male turkeys," Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1998; 58: 121-130; Barber CL, Prescott NB, Wathes CM, Sueur C le, Perry GC, "Preferences of growing ducklings and turkey poults for illuminance," Animal-Welfare 2004;13(2): 211-224; Martrenchar, op. cit.
  20. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Meat-Type Chickens," Farmed Animal Well-Being Conference at the University of California-Davis, June 28-29, 2001.
  21. Wathes CM, "Aerial Emissions from Poultry Production," World Poultry Science Journal 1998; 54:241-51.
  22. Ekstrand C, Algers B, "Rearing conditions and foot-pad dermatitis in Swedish turkey poults," Acta-Veterinaria-Scandinavica 1997; 38(2): 167-174.
  23. Eckstrand and Algers, op. cit.
  24. Kamyab A, "Enlarged sternal bursa and focal ulcerative dermatitis in male turkeys," World’s Poultry Science Journal 2001;57:5-12.
  25. Berg CC, "Foot-pad dermatitis in broilers and turkeys," Veterinaria 1998;36 (Special):11.
  26. Martrenchar A, Boilletot E, Huonnic D, Pol F, "Risk factors for foot-pad dermatitis in chicken and turkey broilers in France," Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2001; 52(3/4): 213-226.
  27. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Turkeys Raised, 7 January 2005, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/poultry/pth-bbt/tuky0105.txt.
  28. North MO and Bell DD, Commercial Chicken Production Manual, 4th edition (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), p. 456.
  29. Estrada R, "Turkey Trends Buyers Like Idea and Taste of Gobblers Free to Roam," Modesto Bee, December 22, 2002.
  30. Clauer PJ, "Cannibalism: Prevention and Treatment," The Poultry Site, July 2004, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/FeaturedArticle/FAType.asp?AREA=turkeys&Display=180; Sherwin, Lewis, and Perry, op. cit.
  31. Sherwin, Lewis, and Perry, op. cit.
  32. Duncan, 2004, op. cit.
  33. Duncan, 2004, op. cit.
  34. Ensminger, op. cit., pp. 345-346.
  35. El Boushy ARY, van der Poel AFB, Poultry Feed from Waste—Processing and Use (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1994).
  36. Clauer, op. cit.
  37. Li, Nestor, and Saif, op. cit.; Ensminger, op. cit., pp. 348-351.
  38. Ensminger, op. cit., pp. 348-351.
  39. Ensminger, op. cit., p. 350.
  40. National Institute for Animal Agriculture, "Poultry Health Report," Spring 2002. p. 4.
  41. National Institute for Animal Agriculture, "Poultry Health Report," Winter 2004. p. 1.
  42. Pothong V, "Health expert says flu pandemic is inevitable," Reuters, 26 November, 2004.
  43. Seamster M, "The Wild Turkey in North Carolina," North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 1993; Voris, op. cit.
  44. Wolfson DJ, Beyond the Law (Farm Sanctuary, 1999).
  45. Gentle MJ, "Pain in Birds," Animal Welfare 1992; 1: 242.
  46. Weeks CA, "Temperature Stress in Poultry During Transport: Welfare Issues and Solutions," ASWELVA Newsletter 5 No. 1 (2001).
  47. Wolfson, op. cit.
  48. Gregory NG, Wotton SB, "Effect of electrical stunning on somatosensory evoked responses in the turkey’s brain," British Veterinary Journal 1991;147:270-274.
  49. Appleby MC, Mench JA, Hughes BO. Poultry Behaviour and Welfare (Cambridge MA: CABI Publishing, 2004), p 193.
  50. Boyd F, "Humane Slaughter of Poultry: The Case Against the Use of Electrical Stunning Devices," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 1994;7:221-36.
  51. Gregory NG, "Humane Slaughter," Outlook on Agriculture 1991;20: 95-101.
  52. Hooge DM, "Turkey Breeder Hen Nutrition And Weight Control," Poultry Digest Online 2001, 3(1):5, http://www.wattnet.com/LIBRARY/download/PDO0103carnut.pdf
  53. Nestor KE, Bacon WL, Renner PA, "The influence of genetic changes in total egg production, clutch length, broodiness, and body weight on ovarian follicular development in turkeys," Poultry Science 1980; 59: 1694-1699.
  54. Hocking PM, Maxwell MH, Mitchell MA, "Welfare of food restricted male and female turkeys," British Poultry Science 1999; 40(1): 19-29.
  55. Savory CJ, Maros K, "Influence of Degree of Food Restriction, Age and Time of Day on Behaviour of Broiler Breeder Chickens," Behavioural Processes 1993; 29: 180.
  56. Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, European Commission, The Welfare of Chicken Kept for Meat Production (Broilers). March 21, 2000: 84.
  57. Duncan, 2004, op. cit.
  58. Hocking PM, "Musculo-skeletal disease in heavy breeding birds," in Whitehead CC, Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry. Poultry Science Symposium No. 23 (Carfax Publishing Co., 1992), 297-309.
  59. Hocking PM, Bernard R, Maxwell MH, "Assessment of pain during locomotion and the welfare of adult male turkeys with destructive cartilage loss of the hip joint," British-Poultry-Science. 1999; 40(1): 30-34.
  60. Duncan IJH, Beatty ER, Hocking PM, Duff SRI, "Assessment of pain associated with degenerative hip disorders in adult male turkeys," Research in Veterinary Science 1991;50: 200-203.
  61. Hocking, op. cit.
  62. Rauw et al., op. cit.
  63. Wolfson, op. cit.
  64. Tabler GT, Mendenhall AM, "Broiler Nutrition, Feed Intake and Grower Economics," Avian Advice 2003; 5(4): 8-10.

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