A COK Report:
Animal Suffering in the Broiler Industry

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Citations

1. USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service, "Poultry Slaughter: 2003," http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/poultry/ppy-bb/2003/.

2. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Meat-Type Chickens," Farmed Animal Well-Being Conference at the University of California-Davis, June 28-29, 2001; personal correspondence with Stephen Pretanik, director of Science and Technology, National Chicken Council, Washington, D.C., January 14, 2004.

3. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, http://www.kidsarus.org/growit/raiseit/chickens.asp.

4. Leeson S, Diaz G, and Summers JD, Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins (Guelph, Canada: University Books, 1995); Julian RJ, "Rapid Growth Problems: Ascites and Skeletal Deformities in Broilers," Poultry Science 77 (1998): 1773-80.

5. McNamee P, "Study of Leg Weakness in Two Commercial Broiler Flocks," The Veterinary Record 143 (1998): 131-5.

6. Tablante NL, Estevez I, and Russek-Cohen E, "Effect of Perches and Stocking Density on Tibial Dyschondroplasia and Bone Mineralization as Measured by Bone Ash in Broiler Chickens," Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12 (2003):53–9.

7. Kestin SC, Knowles TG, Tinch AE, and Gregory NG, "Prevalence of Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens and Its Relationship with Genotype," The Veterinary Record 131 (1992): 190-4.

8. Danbury TC, Weeks CA, Chambers JP, Waterman-Pearson AR, and Kestin SC, "Self Selection of the Analgesic Drug Carprofen by Lame Broiler Chickens," Veterinary Record 146 (2000): 307-11.

9. Kestin SC, et al., op cit.

10. Professor John Webster of the University of Bristol [U.K.] School of Veterinary Science, quoted in The Guardian, October 14, 1991.

11. Weeks CA, Danbury TD, Davies HC, Hunt P, and Kestin SC, "The Behaviour of Broiler Chickens and Its Modification by Lameness," Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67 (2000): 111-25.

12. Estevez I, "Poultry Welfare Issues," Poultry Digest Online 3 No. 2 (2002): 1-12.

13. Gregory NG, Animal Welfare and Meat Science (Oxon, U.K.: CABI Publishing, 1998).

14. Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, and Saif YM (eds.), Diseases of Poultry, 9th edition, (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1991), pp. 293-9.

15. Sørensen P, Su G, and Kestin SC, "The Effect of Photoperiod: Scotoperiod on Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens," Poultry Science 78 (1999): 336-42.

16. Riddell C and Springer R, "An Epizootiological Study of Acute Death Syndrome and Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens in Western Canada," Avian Diseases 29 (1984): 90-102.

17. Wise D and Jennings A, "Dyschondroplasia in Domestic Poultry," The Veterinary Record 91 (1972): 285-6.

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19. Rauw WM, Kanis E, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, and Grommers FJ, "Undesirable Side Effects of Selection for High Production Efficiency in Farm Animals: A Review," Livestock Production Science 56 (1998): 15-33.

20. Riddell C and Springer R, "An Epizootiological Study of Acute Death Syndrome and Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens in Western Canada," Avian Diseases 29 (1984): 90-102.

21. Olkowski A and Classen H, "Malignant Ventricular Dysrhythmia in Broiler Chickens Dying of Sudden Death Syndrome," The Veterinary Record 140 (1997): 177-9.

22. Julian RJ, "Rapid Growth Problems: Ascites and Skeletal Deformities in Broilers." Poultry Science 77 (1998): 1773-80.

23. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Meat-Type Chickens," Farmed Animal Well-Being Conference at the University of California-Davis, June 28-29, 2001.

24. Feedstuffs, May 26, 1997.

25. Baskin C, "Confessions of a Chicken Farmer," Country Journal (April 1978): 38.

26. Hardiman JW, "Broiler Breeding by the Year 2006," In: Proceedings of the XX World's Poultry Congress Vol. 1. (New Delhi, India, 1996), pp. 461-7.

27. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is There a Lesson to Be Learned?" Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4 No. 3 (2001): 207-21.

28. Ernst RA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Poultry Fact Sheet No. 20, June 1995, http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/pfs20.htm.

29. Dawkins MS and Hardie S, "Space Needs of Laying Hens," British Poultry Science 30 (1989): 413-6.

30. Edwards K, "Short, But Not Sweet: The Life of the Meat Chicken," Animals Today (February-April 1996): 29-31.

31. Keeling L, "Inter-Bird Distances and Behavioral Priorities in Laying Hens: The Effect of Spatial Restriction," Applied Animal Behavior Science 39 (1994): 131-40.

32. Baxter MR, "The Welfare Problems of Laying Hens in Battery Cages," The Veterinary Record 134 (1994): 617.

33. Banks EM and Alee WC, "Some Relations Between Flock Size and Agonistic Behavior in Domestic Hens," Physiology and Zoology 30 (1957): 255-68.

34. Estevez, op cit.

35. Duncan IJH and Hughes BO, "Free and Operant Feeding in Domestic Fowls," Animal Behavior 20 (1972): 775.

36. Weeks C, "Comparison of the Behaviour of Broiler Chickens in Indoor and Free-Range Environments," Animal Welfare 3 (1994): 179-92.

37. Berg C, "Foot-Pad Dermatitis in Broilers and Turkeys," Veterinaria 36 (1998); Wang GJ, Ekstrand C, and Svedberg J, "Wet Litter and Perches as Risk Factors for the Development of Foot Pad Dermatitis in Floor-Housed Hens," British Poultry Science 39 (1998): 191-7; Wathes CM, "Aerial Emissions from Poultry Production," World Poultry Science Journal 54 (1998): 241-51; Kristensen and Wathes, op cit; Muirhead S, "Ammonia Control Essential to Maintenance of Poultry Health," Feedstuffs (April 13, 1992): 11.

38. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Meat-Type Chickens," Farmed Animal Well-Being Conference at the University of California-Davis, June 28-29, 2001.

39. Wathes, op cit.

40. Wathes, op cit.

41. Carlile FS, "Ammonia in Poultry Houses: A Literature Review," World's Poultry Science Journal 40 (1984): 99-113.

42. Wathes, op cit.

43. Craig JV and Adams AW, "Behaviour and Well-Being of Hens in Alternative Housing Environments," World's Poultry Science Journal 40 (1984): 221.

44. North MO and Bell DD, Commercial Chicken Production Manual, 4th edition (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), p. 456.

45. Duncan IJH, "The Assessment of Welfare During the Handling and Transport of Broilers," In: JM Faure and AD Mills (eds.), Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, (Tours, France: French Branch of the World Poultry Science Association, 1989), pp. 79-91; Gregory NG and Wilkins LJ, "Skeletal Damage and Bone Defects During Catching and Processing," In: Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry. Whitehead CC, ed. (Carfax Publishing, Abingdom, England, 1992).

46. Gregory NG, Animal Welfare and Meat Science. (CABI Publishing, 1998), pp. 183-94.

47. Webster A, "Thermal Stress on Chickens in Transit," British Poultry Science 34 (1993): 267-77.

48. Mitchell M, "Indicators of Physiological Stress in Broiler Chickens During Road Transportation," Animal Welfare 1 (1992): 91-103; Freeman B, et al, "Stress of Transportation for Broilers," The Veterinary Record 114 (1984): 286-7.

49. Weeks C and Nicol C, "Poultry Handling and Transport," In: Grandin T (ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport, (Wallingford, England: CAB International, 2000), pp. 363-84.

50. Gentle MJ, "Pain in Birds," Animal Welfare 1 (1992): 242.

51. Gregory NG and Austin SD, "Causes of Trauma in Broilers Arriving in Poultry Processing Plants," Veterinary Record 131 (1992): 501-3; Weeks CA, "Temperature Stress in Poultry During Transport: Welfare Issues and Solutions," ASWELVA Newsletter 5 No. 1 (2001).

52. Sparrey J and Kettlewell P, "Shackling of Poultry: Is It a Welfare Problem?" World's Poultry Science Journal 50 (1994): 167-76.

53. Gregory NG and Wilkins LJ, "Duration of Wing Flapping in Chickens Shackled Before Slaughter," Veterinary Record 121 (1989): 567-9.

54. Gregory NG and Wilkins LJ, "Broken Bones in Chickens: Effects of Stunning and Processing in Broilers," British Poultry Science 31 (1990): 53-8.

55. Wolfson DJ, Beyond the Law (Farm Sanctuary, 1999), p. 14.

56. Gregory NG and Wotton SB, "Effect of Electrical Stunning Current on the Duration of Insensibility in Hens," British Poultry Science 35 No. 1 (July 1994): 463-5; Duncan IJH, Killing Methods for Poultry (Guelph, Canada: Colonel KL Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, 1997).

57. Meat Research Institute. Memo No. 54, August 1984.

58. Higgins KT, "Tools of the New Trade," Food Engineering 4 No. 1 (January 2002): 46; Boyd F, "Humane Slaughter of Poultry: The Case Against the Use of Electrical Stunning Devices," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7 (1994): 221-36.

59. Gregory NG, "Humane Slaughter," Outlook on Agriculture 20 (1991): 95-101.

60. Gregory NG and Wotton SB, "Effect of Slaughter on the Spontaneous and Evoked Activity of the Brain," British Poultry Science 27 (1986): 195-205.

61. Stevenson P, "Consultation by the Farm Animal Welfare Council on the Welfare of Broiler Breeders: Comments by Compassion in World Farming," Publication PS/MJ/ART1568; 1996.

62. Savory CJ, Maros K, and Rutter SM, "Assessment of Hunger in Growing Broiler Breeders in Relation to a Commercial Restricted Feeding Programme," Animal Welfare 2 (1993): 131-52.

63. Savory CJ and Maros K, "Influence of Degree of Food Restriction, Age and Time of Day on Behaviour of Broiler Breeder Chickens," Behavioural Processes 29 (1993): 180.

64. Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, European Commission, The Welfare of Chickens Kept for Meat Production (Broilers). March 21, 2000: 84.

65. Rosales AG, "Managing Stress in Broiler Breeders: A Review," Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3 (1994): 205; Gentle MJ and Hunter LN, "Neural Consequences of Partial Toe Amputation in Chickens," Research in Veterinary Science 45 (1988): 374-6; Duncan IJH, "The Science of Animal Well-Being," Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter, National Agriculture Library, (Jan. – March 1993).

66. Cummings TS, French JD, and Fletcher OJ, "Ophthalmology in a Broiler Breeder Flock Reared in Dark-Out Housing," Avian Diseases 30 (July – Sept. 1986): 611; Savory CJ and Duncan IJH, "Voluntary Regulation of Lighting by Domestic Fowls in Skinner Boxes," Applied Animal Ethology 9 (1982): 73-81.

67. Duff SRI and Hocking PM, "Chronic Orthopaedic Disease in Adult Male Broiler Breeding Fowls," Research in Veterinary Science 41 (1986): 340-8.

68. Tabler GT and Mendenhall AM, "Broiler Nutrition, Feed Intake and Grower Economics," Avian Advice 5(4) (Winter 2003): 8-10.

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