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A COK Report:
Animal Suffering in the Egg Industry

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Works Cited

  1. USDA – National Agricultural Statistics Service, "Poultry Highlights" May 29, 2002, http://www.nass.usda.gov/ca/rev/poultry/205polna.htm.
  2. United Egg Producers – "United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg Laying Flocks," 2002 Edition (United Egg Producers, Alpharetta, Ga.).
  3. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, "Farm Animals and Their Welfare in 2000," State of the Animals 2001 (Washington DC: Humane Society Press, 2001), 89.
  4. United Egg Producers, op. cit., 12.
  5. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, op. cit., 90.
  6. Mench J and Swanson J, "Developing Science-Based Animal Welfare Guidelines," a speech delivered at the 2000 Poultry Symposium and Egg Processing Workshop, http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/pubs.htm.
  7. Mench J and Swanson J, op. cit.
  8. Duncan IJH, "The Pros and Cons of Cages," World’s Poultry Science Journal 57 (2001): 385.
  9. Baxter M, "The Welfare Problems of Laying Hens in Battery Cages," The Veterinary Record 134 (1994): 618.
  10. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is There a Lesson to Be Learned?" Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4 (2001): 207-21.
  11. Mench J, "The Welfare of Poultry in Modern Production Systems," Poultry Science Review 4 (1992): 112.
  12. North M and Bell D, Commercial Chicken Production Manual, 4th Edition (New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 366.
  13. Clubb S, "Stop the Practice of Starving Birds for Egg Production," Association of Avian Veterinarians Newsletter, June-August 2001.
  14. Arshad M, "An Ecological Study of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in Agricultural Areas," Universiti Putri Malasia, 1999.
  15. Wolfson D, Beyond the Law: Agribusiness and the Systemic Abuse of Animals Raised for Food or Food Production (Farm Sanctuary, Inc., 1999), 26.
  16. Keshavarz K, "Causes of Prolapse in Laying Flocks," Poultry Digest Sept. 1990: 42.
  17. Van Liere D and Bokma S, "Shorter Feather Maintenance as a Function of Dust-Bathing in Laying Hens," Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18: 197-204.
  18. Mench J, op. cit.
  19. Vestergaard K, "Dusbathing of Hens with and without Access to Sand," Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17 (1987): 380.
  20. Simonsen H, Vestergaard K, and Willeberg P, "Effect of Floor Type and Density on the Integument of Egg Layers," Poultry Science 59 (1980): 2202-6.
  21. Baxter M, op. cit.
  22. Cordiner LS and Savory CJ, "Use of Perches and Nestboxes by Laying Hens in Relation to Social Status, Based on Examination of Consistency of Ranking Orders and Frequency of Interaction," Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71(2001): 305-17.
  23. "Crooked Toes," Merck Veterinary Manual Online, 8th Edition, 2003, http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/205102.htm.
  24. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  25. Simonsen H, Vestergaard K, and Willeberg P, op. cit.
  26. Appleby M, "Do Hens Suffer in Battery Cages?" A Review of the Scientific Evidence Commissioned by the Athene Trust, 1991.
  27. Huber-Eicher B and Sebo F, "Reducing Feather Pecking When Raising Laying Hen Chicks in Aviary Systems," Applied Animal Behavioural Science 73 (2001): 59-68.
  28. Clauer P, "Cannibalism: Prevention and Treatment," Poultry Extension Specialist Animal and Poultry Science Department, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/FeaturedArticle/FATopic.asp?Display=180.
  29. Vestergaard K, "Alternative Farm Animal Housing: Ethological Considerations," Scientists Center Newsletter 9.3 (1987): 10.
  30. "Poultry: Causes of Poor Feathering," Mississippi State University Extension Service Online, 2003, http://msucares.com/poultry/diseases/poultry_feathers.html.
  31. "Vitamin D," Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center, http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminD/index.html.
  32. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  33. Webster AB, "Welfare Implications of Avian Osteoporosis," 2004 Poultry Science 83: 184-92.
  34. Parkinson G, "Osteoporosis and Bone Fractures in the Laying Hen," Progress Report of Work at the Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Attwood, 1993.
  35. Baxter M, op. cit.
  36. Webster AB, op. cit.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Cherian G, "Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: An Investigation into the Role of Dietary Fatty Acids," USDA Current Research Information System (CRIS).
  39. "Fatty Liver Syndrome: Introduction," Merck Veterinary Manual Online, 8th Edition, 2003, http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/202500.htm.
  40. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  41. Mench J, op. cit.
  42. United Egg Producers, op. cit.
  43. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  44. Mench J, op. cit.
  45. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  46. Ibid.
  47. Mench J, op. cit.
  48. "Feed savings could justify beak trimming," Poultry Digest, March 1993: p. 6. As cited in Davis K, Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry (Summertown, TN: The Book Publishing Co., 1996), p. 70.
  49. Mench J, op. cit.
  50. Poultry Digest, 1993, op. cit., p.6.
  51. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, op. cit., p.94.
  52. Duncan IJH, Letter dated June 25, 2003, to Dr. Nancy Halpern, New Jersey Department of Agriculture.
  53. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, op. cit., p.94.
  54. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  55. Mench J, op. cit.
  56. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  57. Mench J, op. cit.
  58. Duncan IJH, Letter, op. cit..
  59. Webster AB, op. cit.
  60. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, op. cit., p.90.
  61. MacArthur M, "Analyst Says Poultry Growers Oblivious to Poor," Western Producer, Dec. 12, 2002, http://www.producer.com/articles/20021212/news/20021212news19.html.
  62. Fraser D, Mench J, and Millman S, op. cit., p.90.
  63. Mench J, op. cit.
  64. Estevez I, "Poultry Welfare Issues," Poultry Digest Online 3 (2002): number 2.
  65. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  66. Ibid.
  67. Mench J, op. cit.
  68. Estevez I, op. cit.
  69. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  70. Estevez I, op. cit.
  71. Wolfson D, op. cit., p. 13.
  72. 60 Federal Rule 48362. The rule states: "The Twenty-Eight Hour Law does not apply to transport by truck."
  73. Estevez I, op. cit.
  74. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  75. Boyce, John R, D.V.M., Assistant Director, Division of Scientific Activities, American Veterinary Medical Association, letter to Karen Davis, Ph.D., Dec. 15, 1992.
  76. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  77. Estevez I, op. cit.
  78. Ibid.
  79. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  80. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  81. Estevez I, op. cit.
  82. Duncan IJH, "Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry," op. cit.
  83. Estevez I, op. cit.
  84. Duncan IJH, "Welfare Problems of Poultry," In: Benson GJ and Rollin BE, eds., The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions (Ames: Blackwell, 2004), 307-19.
  85. Ibid.
  86. Ibid.
  87. Wentink H, "Perspective," Egg Industry, March/Aprril 1993.
  88. MenchJ , op. cit.
  89. Klippen K, United Egg Producers, on WTTG-Fox 5 News, February 23, 2003.

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